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offered battle

  • 1 offered battle

    English-Russian military dictionary > offered battle

  • 2 offered

    предложил; предлагаемый; предлагаться; получать

    English-Russian big medical dictionary > offered

  • 3 offer

    ˈɔfə
    1. сущ.
    1) предложение to make an offerделать предложение to accept, agree to offer ≈ принять предложение to consider an offer ≈ рассматривать предложение to decline, refuse, reject, spurn an offer ≈ отклонять предложение binding offer ≈ серьезное предложение firm offerтвердое предложение, твердая оферта introductory offer ≈ начальное предложение job offer ≈ предложение работы reasonable offer ≈ разумное предложение tempting offer ≈ заманчивое предложение tentative, trial offer ≈ пробное предложение Her offer to help was accepted gratefully. ≈ Ее предложение помочь было воспринято с благодарностью.
    2) экон. а) оферта (предложение одного лица другому, сообщающее о желании заключить с ним договор) offer for offer of б) предложение цены Syn: bid
    1.
    3) попытка Syn: attempt, endeavour, try
    1. ∙ (goods) on offerв продаже
    2. гл.
    1) предлагать;
    делать предложение to offer a free pardonобещать полное прощение offer hand Syn: bid, present, proffer, propose, tender I
    2., volunteer Ant: forswear, reject withhold
    2) пытаться;
    пробовать offer resistance
    3) а) выдвигать, предлагать вниманию They offered us many solutions to a problem. ≈ Они предложили нашему вниманию много решений данной проблемы. Syn: propose, suggest б) выражать готовность (сделать что-л.) He offered to help me. ≈ Он выразил готовность помочь мне.
    4) а) фин. предлагать для продажи по определенной цене;
    предлагать определенную цену Syn: afford б) назначать цену на торгах Syn: bid
    2.
    5) а) приносить( жертву;
    особ. offer up) Syn: sacrifice
    2. б) возносить( молитвы) предложение - an * of support предложение поддержки - an * to help предложение помочь - an * for sale объявление о продаже( чего-л.) - a job * предложение о найме - to make an * сделать предложение - will you keep the * open? ваше предложение остается в силе? - I'm open to an * я готов рассмотреть предложение брачное предложение (экономика) предложение (товара, ценных бумаг, займа и т. п.) - counter * встречное предложение, контроферта предложение цены, предлагаемая цена( на аукционе, торгах и т. п.) - they made an * of $500 for the cottage за домик предлагают 500 долларов продажа - (goods) on * в продаже (имеются)... - "on * this week", "this week's special *" "в продаже только на этой неделе" (объявление) попытка - he made an * to catch the ball он попытался схватить мяч предлагать - to * assistance предлагать помощь - he *ed me ahis car for a week он предложил мне свой автомобиль на неделю выдвигать, предлагать вниманию - to * smth. for consideration предлагать что-л. для рассмотрения - to * a plan выдвигать план выражать;
    оказывать;
    предлагать - to * an apology приносить извинения - to * advice давать совет - to * homage проявлять почтение - to * opinion выражать мнение - to * a free pardon обещать полное прощение - to * worship to smb., smth. поклоняться кому-л., чему-л. - to * battle навязать бой - the doctor *ed no hope доктор не обещал никакой надежды - may I * my congratulations? разрешите поздравить вас? предлагать для продажи;
    выставлять на продажу - to * a house for... продавать дом за... предложить цену - to * a certain sum for a car предложить за машину определенную сумму пытаться, пробовать - to * resistance оказывать сопротивление - to * violence пытаться действовать насильственными методами являться, представляться - as occasion *s при случае - take the first opportunity that *s воспользуйтесь первой же возможностью возносить (молитвы) - to * prayers молиться приносить (в жертву) - to * up a sacrifice принести в жертву > to * one's hand протягивать руку;
    делать предложение (выйти замуж) advantageous ~ выгодное предложение ~ случаться, являться;
    as chance( или opportunity, occasion) offers при случае attractive ~ заманчивое предложение bargain ~ предложение о заключении сделки bargain ~ предложение о продаже best ~ бирж. наилучшее предложение best ~ бирж. предложение наиболее выгодной цены binding ~ обязывающее предложение cash refund ~ предложение возврата наличных денег closing ~ окончательное предложение contract ~ контрактное предложение contractual ~ договорное предложение cross ~ встречное предложение effective ~ действующее предложение favourable ~ выгодное предложение firm ~ твердое предложение first ~ первое предложение friendly tender ~ бирж. предложение о приобретении компании дружеской компанией hostile tender ~ бирж. попытка конкурента овладеть контролем над компанией путем скупки ее акций hostile tender ~ бирж. предложение о покупке контрольного пакета акций компании introductory ~ предварительное предложение job ~ предложение работы ~ предложение;
    to keep one's offer open оставить свое предложение в силе loan ~ предложение кредита loan ~ предложение ссуды make an ~ вносить предложение make an ~ выдвигать предложение offer выдвигать, предлагать вниманию ~ оферта ~ попытка;
    (goods) on offer в продаже ~ предлагать ~ предлагать;
    выражать готовность ~ предлагать для продажи ~ предлагать для продажи по определенной цене;
    предлагать определенную цену ~ предлагать цену ~ предложение ~ предложение;
    to keep one's offer open оставить свое предложение в силе ~ предложение заключить сделку ~ предложение товара для продажи ~ предложение цены ~ приносить (жертву;
    особ. offer up) ;
    возносить (молитвы) ;
    to offer prayers молиться ~ пытаться;
    пробовать;
    to offer resistance оказывать сопротивление;
    to offer to strike пытаться ударить ~ случаться, являться;
    as chance (или opportunity, occasion) offers при случае to ~ an apology извиняться;
    to offer a free pardon обещать полное прощение to ~ an apology извиняться;
    to offer a free pardon обещать полное прощение to ~ one's hand сделать предложение;
    to offer an opinion выразить мнение to ~ no other prospect than не сулить ничего иного кроме;
    to offer battle дать бой ~ for public sale предложение для аукциона ~ for sale предлагать для продажи ~ for sale предложение ценных бумаг для продажи широкой публике с последующей котировкой на бирже to ~ hope внушать надежду;
    to offer prospects( of smth.) сулить, обещать (что-л.) ~ in principle предложение в принципе to ~ no other prospect than не сулить ничего иного кроме;
    to offer battle дать бой ~ of marriage предложение вступить в брак to ~ one's hand протянуть руку to ~ one's hand сделать предложение;
    to offer an opinion выразить мнение ~ приносить (жертву;
    особ. offer up) ;
    возносить (молитвы) ;
    to offer prayers молиться to ~ hope внушать надежду;
    to offer prospects (of smth.) сулить, обещать (что-л.) ~ пытаться;
    пробовать;
    to offer resistance оказывать сопротивление;
    to offer to strike пытаться ударить resistance: ~ сопротивление;
    противодействие;
    to offer resistance оказывать сопротивление;
    line of least resistance линия наименьшего сопротивления ~ to pay предложение произвести оплату ~ пытаться;
    пробовать;
    to offer resistance оказывать сопротивление;
    to offer to strike пытаться ударить ~ попытка;
    (goods) on offer в продаже opening ~ начальное предложение original ~ первоначальное предложение pay ~ предложение о размере заработной платы public ~ открытое для публики предложение ценных бумаг public ~ публичный выпуск новых акций redemption ~ предложение о выкупе refund ~ предложение о компенсации soft ~ льготное предложение special ~ специальное предложение to take the first opportunity that ~s воспользоваться первой же представившейся возможностью trial ~ предварительное предложение trial ~ пробное предложение verbal ~ предложение в устной форме

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > offer

  • 4 ♦ offer

    ♦ offer /ˈɒfə(r)/
    n.
    1 ( anche comm.) offerta: I'll make him an offer he cannot refuse, gli farò un'offerta che non potrà rifiutare; to accept an offer, accettare un'offerta; to decline an offer, rifiutare un'offerta; to withdraw an offer, ritirare un'offerta; an offer of help, un'offerta d'aiuto; a binding offer, un'offerta impegnativa; DIALOGO → - Moving house- She had an offer accepted on a flat in Earlsdon, è stata accettata una sua offerta per un appartamento a Earlsdon; special offer, offerta speciale; final offer, ultima offerta; a tempting offer, un'offerta allettante; a firm offer, un'offerta ferma; job offers, offerte di lavoro (o d'impiego); free offer, offerta gratuita
    2 proposta: an offer of marriage, una proposta di matrimonio
    4 [u] ( Borsa, = offer price) prezzo lettera; cambio (o corso) lettera; lettera
    5 (comm. est.) offerta
    offer for sale, (market.) offerta di vendita; (fin.) offerta al pubblico ( di azioni) □ offer price, ( Borsa) = def. 4 ► sopra; (fin.) prezzo di emissione ( di azioni) □ (fin.) offer to purchase, offerta pubblica di acquisto (abbr. OPA) □ (comm.) on offer, in offerta; in vendita □ (comm.) price x, or nearest offer, prezzo x, trattabile □ (comm.) under offer, in corso di vendita.
    ♦ (to) offer /ˈɒfə(r)/
    A v. t.
    1 offrire; porgere; presentare: to offer one's apologies, porgere le proprie scuse; He offered a plan, ha presentato un piano; to offer one's services, offrire i propri servigi; (comm.) to offer goods for sale, offrire merce in vendita; mettere in vendita della merce
    2 offrirsi di: He offered to take me home, si è offerto di accompagnarmi a casa
    3 (comm.) fare un'offerta di: I was offered a fortune for this painting, per questo quadro mi hanno offerto una fortuna
    5 ( sport) offrire, servire ( una palla)
    B v. i.
    1 (antiq.) offrirsi; presentarsi: I bought stocks whenever opportunity offered, compravo azioni ogni volta che se ne presentava l'occasione
    2 fare un'offerta, un sacrificio; sacrificare ( alla divinità)
    to offer oneself as a candidate, presentarsi candidato □ to offer battle, mostrarsi pronti a combattere □ to offer a bribe to sb., fare un tentativo di corrompere q.; offrire una bustarella a q. (fam.) □ to offer itself, offrirsi; presentarsi (un'occasione, una possibilità) □ to offer oneself, proporsi: He offered himself as a translator, si propose come traduttore □ to offer an opinion, dare (o esprimere) un'opinione □ to offer resistance, resistere; fare resistenza □ to offer up, offrire ( un sacrificio alla divinità); rendere ( grazie, ecc.) □ as occasion offers, all'occasione □ ( banca) offered rate, tasso d'interesse attivo.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ offer

  • 5 offer

    {'ɔfə}
    I. 1. принасям в жертва (и с up)
    to OFFER (up) prayers to отправям молитви към
    to OFFER homage to отдавам почит на
    2. предлагам
    to OFFER something to someone/someone something предлагам нещо на някого
    he OFFERеd to drive us home той предложи да ни закара зкъщи
    to OFFER an opinion изказвам мнение
    to OFFER one's hand подавам ръка (за здрависване)
    to OFFER one's hand (in marriage), ост. to OFFER правя предложение за женитба
    3. опитвам се, правя опит, понечвам
    to OFFER resistance оказвам съпротива, съпротивлявам се
    he OFFERed to strike me той понечи да ме удари
    4. представлявам, представям (се)
    the fireworks OFFERed a fine spectacle фойерверките бяха/представляваха великолепна гледка
    if a good occasion OFFERs ако се представи добър случай
    the first path that OFFERs първата пътека, на която попаднем
    5. обявявам/предлагам за продан, продавам, предлагам цена
    6. търг. правя оферта
    II. 1. предложение
    OFFER of marriage предложение за женитба
    to make an OFFER of money/help предлагам пари/помощ
    2. търг. предложение, оферта
    (goods) on OFFER (стоки) за продан (на намалена цена)
    3. нещо, което се предлага
    * * *
    {'ъfъ} v 1. принасям в жертва (и с up); to offer (up) prayers to от(2) {'ъfъ} n 1. предложение; offer of marriage предложение за женит
    * * *
    обявявам; опитвам се; понечвам; оферта; оферирам; представлявам; предлагане; принасям; представям; предлагам; предложение;
    * * *
    1. (goods) on offer (стоки) за продан (на намалена цена) 2. he offered to strike me той понечи да ме удари 3. he offerеd to drive us home той предложи да ни закара зкъщи 4. i. принасям в жертва (и с up) 5. if a good occasion offers ако се представи добър случай 6. ii. предложение 7. offer of marriage предложение за женитба 8. the fireworks offered a fine spectacle фойерверките бяха/представляваха великолепна гледка 9. the first path that offers първата пътека, на която попаднем 10. to make an offer of money/help предлагам пари/помощ 11. to offer (up) prayers to отправям молитви към 12. to offer an opinion изказвам мнение 13. to offer homage to отдавам почит на 14. to offer one's hand (in marriage), ост. to offer правя предложение за женитба 15. to offer one's hand подавам ръка (за здрависване) 16. to offer resistance оказвам съпротива, съпротивлявам се 17. to offer something to someone/someone something предлагам нещо на някого 18. нещо, което се предлага 19. обявявам/предлагам за продан, продавам, предлагам цена 20. опитвам се, правя опит, понечвам 21. предлагам 22. представлявам, представям (се) 23. търг. правя оферта 24. търг. предложение, оферта
    * * *
    offer[´ɔfə] I. v 1. предлагам; to \offer an apology извинявам се; to \offer battle давам сражение; to \offer an opinion изказвам мнение; 2. обявявам, давам (за продан); продавам; предлагам ( цена); оферирам; 3. опитвам се, понечвам; to \offer resistance оказвам съпротива, съпротивлявам се; 4. представлявам; представям (се); this stream \offers the best fishing този поток е чудесен за риболов; if an opportunity should \offer ако се предостави възможност; 5. принасям в жертва (и с up); to \offer (up) prayers to отправям молитви към; to \offer homage отдавам почит; почитам; II. n 1. предложение; an \offer of marriage предложение за женитба; 2. търг. предложение, оферта; to be on \offer предлагам се на намалена цена (за стока); 3. предлагане, подаване.

    English-Bulgarian dictionary > offer

  • 6 offer

    ['ofə] 1. past tense, past participle - offered; verb
    1) (to put forward (a gift, suggestion etc) for acceptance or refusal: She offered the man a cup of tea; He offered her $20 for the picture.) ponuditi
    2) (to say that one is willing: He offered to help.) ponuditi se
    2. noun
    1) (an act of offering: an offer of help.) ponudba
    2) (an offering of money as the price of something: They made an offer of $50,000 for the house.) ponudba
    - on offer
    * * *
    I [ɔfə]
    noun
    ponudba, predlog
    economy on offernaprodaj
    II [ɔfə]
    1.
    transitive verb
    nuditi, ponuditi; economy oferirati, ponuditi; izreči, povedati (mnenje itd.); žrtvovati, darovati (često z up, to komu);
    2.
    intransitive verb
    ponuditi se; žrtvovati
    to offer battle — nuditi nasprotniku priliko, da se bori
    to offer one's hand — ponuditi roko, ponuditi zakon

    English-Slovenian dictionary > offer

  • 7 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 8 offer

    1. [ʹɒfə] n
    1. предложение

    an offer of support [of food, of money] - предложение поддержки [пищи, денег]

    an offer to /of/ help - предложение помочь

    to make [to take /to accept/, to refuse] an offer - сделать [принять, отклонить] предложение

    will you keep the offer open? - ваше предложение остаётся в силе?

    2. брачное предложение (тж. offer of marriage)
    3. эк.
    1) предложение (товара, ценных бумаг, займа и т. п.)

    counter offer - встречное предложение, контроферта

    2) предложение цены, предлагаемая цена (на аукционе, торгах и т. п.)

    they made an offer of £500 for the cottage - за домик предлагают 500 фунтов

    3) продажа

    (goods) on offer - в продаже (имеются)...

    ❝on offer this week❞, ❝this week's special offer❞ - «в продаже только на этой неделе» ( объявление)
    4. попытка
    2. [ʹɒfə] v
    1. предлагать

    to offer assistance /help/ [a bribe] - предлагать помощь [взятку]

    he offered me his car for a week - он предложил мне свой автомобиль на неделю

    2. выдвигать, предлагать вниманию

    to offer smth. for consideration [discussion] - предлагать что-л. для рассмотрения [дискуссии]

    to offer a plan [a suggestion] - выдвигать план [предложение]

    3. выражать; оказывать; предлагать

    to offer homage - проявлять почтение /уважение/

    to offer a free pardon - обещать полное прощение /помилование/

    to offer worship to smb., smth. - поклоняться кому-л., чему-л.

    may I offer my congratulations? - разрешите поздравить вас?

    4. 1) предлагать для продажи; выставлять на продажу

    to offer a house for... - продавать дом за...

    2) предложить цену

    to offer a certain sum for a car - предложить за машину определённую сумму

    5. пытаться, пробовать
    6. являться, представляться

    take the first opportunity that offers - воспользуйтесь первой же возможностью

    7. (тж. offer up)
    1) возносить ( молитвы)
    2) приносить ( в жертву)

    to offer one's hand - а) протягивать руку; б) делать предложение (выйти замуж)

    НБАРС > offer

  • 9 sacrifice

    1. n жертва
    2. n жертвоприношение; пожертвование
    3. n ком. убыток

    sacrifice prices — убыточные цены; оценка себе в убыток

    4. n церк. месса
    5. v жертвовать, приносить жертвы
    6. v совершать жертвоприношение
    7. v ком. продавать в убыток
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. concession (noun) concession; renunciation
    2. cost (noun) cost; expense; price; toll
    3. loss (noun) deduction; discount; loss; reduction
    4. offering (noun) atonement; expiation; forfeiture; immolation; oblation; offering; penance; relinquishment; reparation; tribute; victim
    5. consecrate (verb) bless; consecrate; dedicate; devote; hallow; immolate; victimize; worship
    6. forfeit (verb) forego; forfeit; relinquish; renounce; spare; yield
    7. forgo (verb) eschew; forbear; forgo
    8. lose (verb) drop; lose
    Антонимический ряд:
    acquisition; gain; withhold

    English-Russian base dictionary > sacrifice

  • 10 Metcalf, John

    [br]
    b. 1717 Knaresborough, Yorkshire, England d. 1810
    [br]
    English pioneer road builder.
    [br]
    The son of poor working parents, at the age of 6 an attack of smallpox left him blind; however, this did not restrict his future activities, which included swimming and riding. He learned the violin and was much employed as the fiddle-player at country parties. He saved enough money to buy a horse on which he hunted. He took part in bowls, wrestling and boxing, being a robust six foot two inches tall. He rode to Whitby and went thence by boat to London and made other trips to York, Reading and Windsor. In 1740 Colonel Liddell offered him a seat in his coach from London to Harrogate, but he declined and got there more quickly on foot. He set up a one-horse chaise and a four-wheeler for hire in Harrogate, but the local innkeepers set up in competition in the public hire business. He went into the fish business, buying at the coast and selling in Leeds and other towns, but made little profit so he took up his violin again. During the rebellion of 1745 he recruited for Colonel Thornton and served to fight at Hexham, Newcastle and Falkirk, returning home after the Battle of Culloden. He then started travelling between Yorkshire, where be bought cotton and worsted stockings, and Aberdeen, where he sold horses. He set up a twice-weekly service of stage wagons between Knaresborough and York.
    In 1765 an Act was passed for a turnpike road between Harrogate and Boroughbridge and he offered to build the Master Surveyor, a Mr Ostler, three miles (5 km) of road between Minskip and Fearnly, selling his wagons and his interest in the carrying business. The road was built satisfactorily and on time. He then quoted for a bridge at Boroughbridge and for a turnpike road between Knaresborough and Harrogate. He built many other roads, always doing the survey of the route on his own. The roads crossed bogs on a base of ling and furze. Many of his roads outside Yorkshire were in Lancashire, Cheshire and Derbyshire. In all he built some 180 miles (290 km) of road, for which he was paid some £65,000.
    He worked for thirty years on road building, retiring in old age to a cotton business in Stockport where he had six spinning jennies and a carding engine; however, he found there was little profit in this so he gave the machinery to his son-in-law. The last road he built was from Haslington to Accrington, but due to the rise in labour costs brought about by the demand from the canal boom, he only made £40 profit on a £3,000 contract; the road was completed in 1792, when he retired to his farm at Spofforth at the age of 75. There he died, leaving a wife, four children, twenty grandchildren and ninety greatgrandchildren. His wife was the daughter of the landlord of the Granby Inn, Knaresborough.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    S.Smiles, Lives of the Engineers, Metcalfe, Telford: John Murray.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Metcalf, John

  • 11 wrestle

    1. n борьба, схватка
    2. n спорт. борцовский поединок
    3. n упорная борьба

    a wrestle for life or death — борьба не на жизнь, а на смерть

    4. v бороться
    5. v спорт. заниматься борьбой, бороться
    6. v вести упорную борьбу, бороться
    7. v пытаться извиваться, корчиться
    8. v амер. диал. прижать к земле
    9. v с трудом продвигаться
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. battle (verb) battle; buffet; challenge; clash; combat; conflict; contend; resist; scramble; strive; struggle; tilt; vie
    2. grapple (verb) fight; grapple; scuffle; tangle; tussle
    3. labor (verb) labor; toil; work

    English-Russian base dictionary > wrestle

  • 12 идти

    несовер. - идти;
    совер. -- пойти прош. вр. -- шел, шла, шло, шли;
    без доп.;
    направл. от ходить
    1) go;
    несовер. тж. come быстро идти ≈ разг. clip, nip along идти в гору
    2) (отправляться) start, leave поезд идет в пять ≈ the train leaves at five
    3) только несовер. (приближаться) come вот он идет ≈ here he comes поезд идет ≈ the train is coming автобус идет ≈ the bus is coming
    4) (о дыме, паре, воде и т.п.) come out;
    come (from), proceed( from) дым идет из трубыsmoke is coming out of from the chimney кровь идет из раны ≈ blood is coming from the wound;
    the wound is bleeding
    5) только несовер. (пролегать) go;
    (простираться) stretch дорога идет лесом ≈ the road goes through the forest далее идут горы ≈ farther on there stretches/extends a mountain-ridge лес идет до реки ≈ the forest goes/stretches as far as the river
    6) (об осадках) fall;
    (переводится также соответствующим глаголом) снег идет ≈ it is snowing, it snows дождь идет ≈ it is raining, it rains град идет ≈ it is hailing, it hails
    7) только несовер. (происходить) proceed, go on, be in progress идут переговорыnegotiations are proceeding, negotiations are going on идут занятияclasses are being held, classes are in progress, classes are going on идет бой ≈ a battle is being fought идет подготовка к севу ≈ preparations for sowing are in progress
    8) (поступать куда-л.) enter, become идти на военную службу ≈ to engage for military service идти на государственную службу ≈ to enter government service идти в летчики ≈ to become an airman
    9) (находить сбыт) sell;
    be sold товар хорошо идет ≈ these goods sell well идти в продажу хорошо идти идти за бесценок
    10) (на что-л.) be required( for), go to make (требоваться) ;
    be used (in), go (into, for) (употребляться) на платье идет 5 метров ткани ≈ 5 metres of cloth go to make a dress, you need 5 metres for a dress тряпье идет на изготовление бумаги ≈ rags are used in paper making идти в корм идти в лом идти на юбку
    11) (кому-л.;
    быть к лицу) suit, become эта шляпа ей не идет ≈ this hat does not become her
    12) (о спектакле) be on эта опера идет каждый вечер ≈ this opera is on every night сегодня идет ""Ревизор"" ≈ ""The Government Inspector"" is on tonight пьеса идет в исполнении лучших артистов ≈ the best actors are taking part in the performance
    13) (о времени) go by, pass шли годыyears went by, years passed идет вторая неделя как ≈ it is more than a week since ему идет двадцатый год ≈ he is in his twentieth year, he is rising twenty, he is going/getting on for twenty
    14) (о новостях) go round шла молва, что... ≈ word went round that..., rumour had it that...
    15) (чем-л.;
    с чего-л.;
    шахм.;
    карт.) play, lead, move идти ферзем идти с червей
    16) (о дискуссии и т.п.) be (about) речь идет о том, что... ≈ the point is that..., it is a matter of... ∙ идти за кем-л. ≈ to follow smb. идти по чьим-л. стопам ≈ to follow in smb.'s footsteps идти (замуж) за кого-л. ≈ to marry smb. идти как по маслу ≈ to go swimmingly идти навстречу пожеланиям (чего-л.) ≈ to meet the wishes (of) идти на прибыль( о воде) ≈ to rise идти против кого-л. ≈ to oppose smb. идти против своей совести ≈ to act against one's conscience идти своим порядком ≈ to take its normal course идти ко дну идти к цели идти вперед идти в сравнение не идти в сравнение идти в счет идти вразброд идти навстречу идти на убыль идти на посадку идти на приманку идти на риск идти на уступки идти на все идти ощупью идти в бой
    , пойти
    1. тк. несов. go*;
    он шёл по улице he was going down/up/along the street;
    она шла по мосту she was going across the bridge, she was crossing the bridge;
    она шла в гору she was going uphill;
    ему пришлось ~ пешком he had to walk, he had to go on foot;
    лошадь идёт рысью, галопом the horse is trotting, galloping;

    2. тк. несов. (двигаться, перемещаться) move, go*, travel;
    поезд идёт быстро the train is going/travelling at high speed;
    самолёты шли на восток the planes were flying east;
    флот шёл на всех парусах the fleet was in full sail;
    по небу медленно идут облака the clouds are moving/drifting slowly actoss the sky;
    лёд идёт по реке the ice is going down the river;

    3. тк. несов. (о моменте отправления поезда и т. п.) go*, leave*;
    поезд идёт в 12 часов ночи the train goes/leaves at midnight;

    4. тк. несов. (доставляться) come*;
    письма долго идут the mail is very slow, letters take a long time to arrive;

    5. тк. несов. (приближаться, появляться) come*;
    перен. тж. approach;
    поезд идёт! the train is coming;
    весна идёт spring is on the way;

    6. (в, на вн., + инф. ;
    направляться с какой-л. целью) go* (to, + to inf., + -ing) ;
    ~ гулять go* for a walk;
    ~ в школу go* to school;
    ~ на охоту go* hunting;

    7. (на вн. ;
    нападать) march (on), advance (on) ;
    перен. attack( smb.) ;

    8. (в, на вн. ;
    вступать, поступать куда-л.) join (smth.), enter (smth.) ;
    ~ на биологический факультет enter the biology faculty;
    ~ в армию join the army;

    9. тк. несов. (развиваться) progress, head;
    (действовать тем или иным образом) march, go*;
    ~ по пути технического прогресса take* the path of technical progress;
    всё идёт к лучшему everything is for the best;

    10. тк. несов. (за тв. ;
    следовать) follow (smb., smth.) ;
    ~ за толпой follow the crowd;

    11. тк. несов. (от, из рд. ;
    распространяться, исходить) come* (from) ;
    (о слухах, вестях) go* (a) round;
    из трубы идёт дым there is smoke coming from the chimney;
    идёт слух, что... a rumour is going round that...;

    12. тк. несов. (поступать, подаваться) be* on, flow;
    ток идёт the current is on;

    13. разг. (находить сбыт) sell*;
    этот товар хорошо идёт these goods are in demand;
    ~ за бесценок go* for a song;

    14. тк. несов. (простираться, пролегать) run*, stretch;
    дорога идёт полем the road runs across the field;
    горная гряда идёт с севера на юг the mountain range stretches from north to south;

    15. тк. несов. (находиться в действии - о механизме) go*, work;
    часы идут точно the watch keeps exact time;

    16. тк. несов. (об осадках) fall*;
    дождь, снег идёт it is raining, snowing;

    17. тк. несов. (протекать, проходить) go* by, pass;
    шли недели the weeks went by;

    18. тк. несов. (длиться, продолжаться) be*;
    идёт 1995 год it is the year nineteen( hundred and) ninety-five;

    19. тк. несов. (иметь место, происходить) be* in progress, proceed;
    (ставиться - о пьесе и т. п.) be* on;
    идут экзамены the examinations are in progress;
    идёт новый фильм there is a new film on;

    20. (на вн. ;
    соглашаться) agree (to) ;
    пойти на предложенные условия agree to the terms offered;

    21. (в, на вн. ;
    предназначаться, использоваться) be* used (for) ;
    лучина идёт на растопку the sticks are used for fuel;

    22. (на вн. ;
    расходоваться) be* spent (on) ;
    go* (on) ;
    много денег идёт на книги a lot of money goes on books;
    на костюм пойдёт три метра ткани it takes three metres of material to make a suit;

    23. (дт.;
    подходить) suit (smb., smth.) ;
    пиджак ему не идёт the jacket doesn`t suit him;

    24. разг. (получаться, ладиться) go* right;
    работа не шла the work wouldn`t go right;

    25. ( тв., с рд. ;
    делать ход в игре) play (smth.) ;
    (в шахматах) move (smth.) ;
    теперь ~ вам now it`s your move, now it`s your turn/go;
    ~ с туза play the ace;
    ~ в ногу keep* in step;
    ~ на смену кому-л., чему-л. take* the place of smb., smth., replace smb., smth. ;
    не ~ дальше чего-л. not go further than;
    речь идёт о том, что... the point is that...

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > идти

  • 13 sacrifice

    ˈsækrɪfaɪs
    1. сущ.
    1) жертва;
    жертвоприношение( to - кому-л.) animal sacrifices to the gods ≈ животные, приносимые в жертву богам at the sacrifice of smth. ≈ пожертвовав чем-л. heroic sacrifice ≈ героическая жертва human sacrifice ≈ человеческая жертва, человеческое жертвоприношение personal sacrifice ≈ личная жертва He gave his life as a sacrifice for his country. ≈ Он пожертвовал своей жизнью во имя родины. great sacrifice last sacrifice supreme sacrifice ultimate sacrifice Syn: offering, oblation
    2) убыток( при продаже чего-л. по заниженной цене) sell at a sacrifice sacrifice price sacrifice market Syn: loss
    2. гл.
    1) приносить в жертву( to - кому-л.), совершать жертвоприношение;
    жертвовать to sacrifice a lamb to the gods ≈ принести в жертву богам ягненка He sacrificed his life to save the drowning child. ≈ Он пожертвовал соей жизнью, чтобы спасти тонущего ребенка. Are you prepared to sacrifice the pleasures of nature to the convenience of city life? ≈ Вы готовы пожертвовать красотами природы ради удобств городской жизни? Syn: forgo
    2) продавать себе в убыток особ. коммерч. Syn: sell at a sacrifice
    3) убивать (подопытное животное) для проведения научного эксперимента жертва - noble * благородная жертва - a * willingly offered добровольная жертва - to make *s приносить жертвы - to give one's life as a * for one's country пожертвовать своей жизнью за родину - to fall a * to smth. (редкое) пасть жертвой чего-л. - to make *s for one's children идти на лишения /на жертвы/ ради (своих) детей - to offer up a * приносить жертву - it must be done at any * это нужно сделать любой ценой /не считаясь с жертвами/ - to win a battle at a great * of life выиграть сражение ценой больших потерь - it must be done without a * in dignity это надо сделать, не поступившись (своим) достоинством - you will gain nothing by the * of your principles вы ничего не добьетесь, поступившись своими принципами жертвоприношение;
    пожертвование - the fire of * жертвенный огонь - a * to the gods жертвоприношение богам - to make a * of fruit приносить в жертву плоды - to offer animals in * приносить в жертву животных (коммерческое) убыток - * prices убыточные цены;
    оценка себе в убыток - to sell goods at a (great) * продавать товары по убыточной цене /себе в убыток/ - goods are cleared off at a very considerable * товары распродаются со значительной скидкой (церковное) месса (тж. Eucharistic S.) > the great /the last, the supreme/ * смерть в бою за родину жертвовать, приносить жертвы - to * one's life to save one's child пожертвовать жизнью, чтобы спасти ребенка - he *d his whole life to the cause of revolution он отдал свою жизнь делу революции - to * accuracy for vividness поступиться точностью ради живости (изложения) - to * a piece пожертвовать фигуру (шахматы) совершать жертвоприношение - to * to the gods совершать жертвоприношение богам - to * sheep приносить в жертву овец (коммерческое) продавать в убыток sacrifice жертва;
    to make a sacrifice приносить жертву;
    at the sacrifice (of smth.) пожертвовав (чем-л.) ;
    the great (или last) sacrifice смерть в бою за родину equal ~ principle принцип равных жертв sacrifice жертва;
    to make a sacrifice приносить жертву;
    at the sacrifice (of smth.) пожертвовав (чем-л.) ;
    the great (или last) sacrifice смерть в бою за родину sacrifice жертва;
    to make a sacrifice приносить жертву;
    at the sacrifice (of smth.) пожертвовав (чем-л.) ;
    the great (или last) sacrifice смерть в бою за родину sacrifice жертва;
    to make a sacrifice приносить жертву;
    at the sacrifice (of smth.) пожертвовав (чем-л.) ;
    the great (или last) sacrifice смерть в бою за родину ~ жертва ~ жертвовать ~ жертвоприношение ~ недостача ~ потеря ~ приносить в жертву, жертвовать;
    to sacrifice oneself жертвовать собой;
    to sacrificea piece шахм. пожертвовать фигурой ~ продавать в убыток ~ совершать жертвоприношение ~ убыток;
    to sell at a sacrifice продавать себе в убыток ~ убыток ~ приносить в жертву, жертвовать;
    to sacrifice oneself жертвовать собой;
    to sacrificea piece шахм. пожертвовать фигурой ~ приносить в жертву, жертвовать;
    to sacrifice oneself жертвовать собой;
    to sacrificea piece шахм. пожертвовать фигурой ~ убыток;
    to sell at a sacrifice продавать себе в убыток

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > sacrifice

  • 14 sacrifice

    1. [ʹsækrıfaıs] n
    1. жертва

    noble [heroic, useless] sacrifice - благородная [героическая, бесполезная] жертва

    to make [to accept] sacrifices - приносить [принимать] жертвы

    to give one's life as a sacrifice for one's country - пожертвовать своей жизнью за родину

    to fall a sacrifice to smth. - редк. пасть жертвой чего-л.

    to make sacrifices for one's children - идти на лишения /на жертвы/ ради (своих) детей

    it must be done at any sacrifice - это нужно сделать любой ценой /не считаясь с жертвами/

    to win a battle at a great sacrifice of life - выиграть сражение ценой больших потерь

    it must be done without a sacrifice in dignity - это надо сделать, не поступившись (своим) достоинством

    you will gain nothing by the sacrifice of your principles - вы ничего не добьётесь, поступившись своими принципами

    2. жертвоприношение; пожертвование

    to make a sacrifice of fruit [of an ox] - приносить в жертву плоды [быка]

    3. ком. убыток

    sacrifice prices - убыточные цены; оценка себе в убыток

    to sell goods at a (great) sacrifice - продавать товары по убыточной цене /себе в убыток/

    goods are cleared off at a very considerable sacrifice - товары распродаются со значительной скидкой

    4. церк. месса (тж. Eucharistic Sacrifice)

    the great /the last, the supreme/ sacrifice - смерть в бою за родину

    2. [ʹsækrıfaıs] v
    1. жертвовать, приносить жертвы

    to sacrifice one's life [oneself, everything] to save one's child - пожертвовать жизнью [собой, всем], чтобы спасти ребёнка

    he sacrificed his whole life to the cause of revolution - он отдал свою жизнь делу революции

    to sacrifice accuracy for vividness - поступиться точностью ради живости ( изложения)

    2. совершать жертвоприношение

    to sacrifice sheep [oxen, fruit] - приносить в жертву овец [быков, плоды]

    3. ком. продавать в убыток

    НБАРС > sacrifice

  • 15 meet

    mi:t
    1. past tense, past participle - met; verb
    1) (to come face to face with (eg a person whom one knows), by chance: She met a man on the train.) encontrar, encontrarse con
    2) ((sometimes, especially American, with with) to come together with (a person etc), by arrangement: The committee meets every Monday.) enocontar, reunirse con, citarse, quedar
    3) (to be introduced to (someone) for the first time: Come and meet my wife.) conocer
    4) (to join: Where do the two roads meet?) unirse
    5) (to be equal to or satisfy (eg a person's needs, requirements etc): Will there be sufficient stocks to meet the public demand?) satisfacer
    6) (to come into the view, experience or presence of: A terrible sight met him / his eyes when he opened the door.) encontrar
    7) (to come to or be faced with: He met his death in a car accident.) encontrar
    8) ((with with) to experience or suffer; to receive a particular response: She met with an accident; The scheme met with their approval.) sufrir; recibir
    9) (to answer or oppose: We will meet force with greater force.) responder (a)

    2. noun
    (a gathering, especially of sportsmen: The local huntsmen are holding a meet this week.) encuentro
    - meet someone halfway
    - meet halfway

    meet vb
    1. encontrarse con
    2. conocer
    3. reunirse / verse
    4. quedar
    tr[miːt]
    transitive verb (pt & pp met tr[met])
    1 (by chance) encontrar, encontrarse con; (in street) cruzar con, topar con
    guess who I met today! ¡a que no sabes con quién he topado hoy!
    2 (by arrangement) encontrar, reunirse con, citarse, quedar con; (formally) entrevistarse con; (informally) ver
    have you met my wife? ¿conoces a mi mujer?
    4 (collect) ir a buscar, pasar a buscar; (await arrival of) esperar; (receive) ir a recibir
    5 (face - danger, difficulty) encontrar; (- problem) hacer frente a
    6 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (opponent) enfrentarse con
    7 (touch) tocar
    8 (fulfil - standards, demands, wishes) satisfacer; (- obligations, deadline) cumplir con; (- requirements) reunir, cumplir
    9 (bill, debt) pagar; (deficit) cubrir; (cost, expenses) hacerse cargo de
    1 (by chance) encontrarse
    2 (by arrangement) reunirse, verse, quedar, encontrarse; (formally) entrevistarse
    where shall we meet? ¿dónde quedamos?, ¿dónde nos encontramos?
    3 (get acquainted) conocerse
    where did you meet? ¿dónde os conocisteis?
    4 SMALLSPORT/SMALL enfrentarse
    5 (join) unirse; (touch) tocarse; (rivers) confluir; (roads) empalmar; (eyes) cruzarse
    1 SMALLSPORT/SMALL encuentro
    2 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL (hunting) partida de caza
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be more to something than meets the eye ser más complicado,-a de lo que parece
    to make ends meet familiar llegar a fin de mes
    to meet one's death encontrar la muerte, morir
    to meet somebody's eye mirar a alguien a la cara
    to meet somebody halfway llegar a un acuerdo con alguien
    meet ['mi:t] v, met ['mɛt] ; meeting vt
    1) encounter: encontrarse con
    2) join: unirse con
    3) confront: enfrentarse a
    4) satisfy: satisfacer, cumplir con
    to meet costs: pagar los gastos
    5) : conocer
    I met his sister: conocí a su hermana
    meet vi
    assemble: reunirse, congregarse
    meet n
    : encuentro m
    n.
    concurso s.m.
    adj.
    conveniente adj.
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: met) = carear v.
    confluir v.
    conocer v.
    (§pres: conozco, conoces...)
    empalmar v.
    encontrar v.
    encontrarse v.
    enfrentar v.
    juntar v.

    I
    1. miːt
    (past & past p met) transitive verb
    1)
    a) ( encounter) encontrarse* con

    to meet somebody halfway o in the middle — llegar* a un arreglo con alguien

    b) ( welcome) recibir; ( collect on arrival) ir* a buscar

    he met me off the trainme fue a buscar or a esperar a la estación

    c) ( oppose) \<\<opponent/enemy\>\> enfrentarse a
    2) ( make acquaintance of) conocer*

    John, meet Mr Clark — (frml) John, le presento al señor Clark

    pleased to meet you — encantado de conocerlo, mucho gusto

    3)
    a) (come up against, experience) encontrar*, toparse con

    to be met BY/WITH something — encontrarse* con algo

    b) (counter, respond to)
    4) \<\<demands/wishes\>\> satisfacer*; \<\<deadline/quota\>\> cumplir con; \<\<debt\>\> satisfacer*, pagar*; \<\<obligation\>\> cumplir con; \<\<requirements\>\> reunir*, cumplir; \<\<cost\>\> hacerse* cargo de
    5)
    a) (come together with, join)

    she could not meet his eye o gaze — no se atrevía a mirarlo a la cara

    b) ( strike) dar* contra

    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) ( encounter each other) encontrarse*

    where shall we meet? — ¿dónde nos encontramos?, ¿dónde quedamos? (esp Esp)

    b) ( hold meeting) \<\<club\>\> reunirse*; \<\<heads of state/ministers\>\> entrevistarse
    c) ( make acquaintance) conocerse*

    have you two already met? — ¿ya se conocen?, ¿ya los han presentado?

    d) ( as opponents) enfrentarse

    where the three roads meeten el empalme or en la confluencia de las tres carreteras

    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    a) (AmE Sport) encuentro m
    b) ( in hunting) partida f (de caza)

    I [miːt] (pt, pp met)
    1. VT
    1) (by arrangement) quedar con, verse con; (by chance) encontrarse con, tropezarse con

    I had arranged to meet her in town — había quedado con ella en el centro, había acordado en verla en el centro

    you'll never guess who I met on the bus today! — ¿a que no sabes con quién me encontré or me tropecé hoy en el autobús?

    we will be meeting the ambassador tomorrow to discuss the situationmañana tendremos un encuentro or una reunión con el embajador para discutir la situación, mañana nos entrevistaremos or nos reuniremos con el embajador para discutir la situación

    2) (=go/come to get) ir/venir a buscar; (=welcome) recibir
    halfway 1., 1)
    3) (=get to know, be introduced to) conocer

    nice to have met you! — ¡encantado de conocerlo!

    pleased to meet you! — ¡mucho gusto!, ¡encantado de conocerlo!

    4) (=come together with)

    what a scene met my eyes! — ¡el escenario que se presentó ante mis ojos!

    eye 1., 1)
    5) (=come across) [+ problem] encontrarse con
    6) (=confront) [+ opponent] enfrentarse con; (in duel) batirse con; [+ problem] hacer frente a

    he met his death or his end in 1800 — halló or encontró la muerte en 1800

    to meet sth head-on — enfrentarse de lleno con algo, hacer frente or plantar cara directamente a algo

    match II, 1., 3)
    7) (=satisfy) [+ need] satisfacer, cubrir; [+ demand] atender a, satisfacer; [+ wish] satisfacer; [+ requirement] cumplir con; [+ debt] pagar; [+ expense, cost] correr con, hacer frente a; [+ obligation] atender a, cumplir con; [+ target, goal] alcanzar; [+ challenge] hacer frente a; [+ expectations] estar a la altura de

    he offered to meet the full cost of the repairsse ofreció a correr con or hacer frente a todos los gastos de la reparación

    deadline
    2. VI
    1) (=encounter each other) (by arrangement) quedar, verse; (by chance) encontrarse; (=hold meeting) reunirse; [ambassador, politician] (with interested parties) entrevistarse, reunirse

    we could meet for a drink after workpodríamos vernos or quedar para tomar una copa después del trabajo

    what time shall we meet? — ¿a qué hora quieres que quedemos or nos veamos?

    until we meet again! — ¡hasta la vista!, ¡hasta pronto!

    2) (=convene) [Parliament, club, committee] reunirse
    3) (=get to know one another, be introduced) conocerse

    have we met? — ¿nos conocemos de antes?

    4) (=come together, join) [two ends] unirse; [rivers] confluir; [roads] empalmar
    end 1., 1), twain
    5) (=confront each other) [teams, armies] enfrentarse

    Bilbao and Valencia will meet in the final — el Bilbao se enfrentará con el Valencia en la final, Bilbao y Valencia se disputarán la final

    3.
    N (Hunting) cacería f ; (esp US) (Sport) encuentro m

    II
    [miːt]
    ADJ [liter] conveniente, apropiado

    it is meet that... — conviene que... + subjun

    * * *

    I
    1. [miːt]
    (past & past p met) transitive verb
    1)
    a) ( encounter) encontrarse* con

    to meet somebody halfway o in the middle — llegar* a un arreglo con alguien

    b) ( welcome) recibir; ( collect on arrival) ir* a buscar

    he met me off the trainme fue a buscar or a esperar a la estación

    c) ( oppose) \<\<opponent/enemy\>\> enfrentarse a
    2) ( make acquaintance of) conocer*

    John, meet Mr Clark — (frml) John, le presento al señor Clark

    pleased to meet you — encantado de conocerlo, mucho gusto

    3)
    a) (come up against, experience) encontrar*, toparse con

    to be met BY/WITH something — encontrarse* con algo

    b) (counter, respond to)
    4) \<\<demands/wishes\>\> satisfacer*; \<\<deadline/quota\>\> cumplir con; \<\<debt\>\> satisfacer*, pagar*; \<\<obligation\>\> cumplir con; \<\<requirements\>\> reunir*, cumplir; \<\<cost\>\> hacerse* cargo de
    5)
    a) (come together with, join)

    she could not meet his eye o gaze — no se atrevía a mirarlo a la cara

    b) ( strike) dar* contra

    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) ( encounter each other) encontrarse*

    where shall we meet? — ¿dónde nos encontramos?, ¿dónde quedamos? (esp Esp)

    b) ( hold meeting) \<\<club\>\> reunirse*; \<\<heads of state/ministers\>\> entrevistarse
    c) ( make acquaintance) conocerse*

    have you two already met? — ¿ya se conocen?, ¿ya los han presentado?

    d) ( as opponents) enfrentarse

    where the three roads meeten el empalme or en la confluencia de las tres carreteras

    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    a) (AmE Sport) encuentro m
    b) ( in hunting) partida f (de caza)

    English-spanish dictionary > meet

  • 16 stand

    1. intransitive verb,

    stand in a line or row — sich in einer Reihe aufstellen; (be standing) in einer Reihe stehen

    we stood talkingwir standen da und unterhielten uns

    2) (have height)

    he stands six feet tall/the tree stands 30 feet high — er ist sechs Fuß groß/der Baum ist 30 Fuß hoch

    3) (be at level) [Aktien, Währung, Thermometer:] stehen (at auf + Dat.); [Fonds:] sich belaufen (at auf + Akk.); [Absatz, Export usw.:] liegen (at bei)
    4) (hold good) bestehen bleiben

    my offer/promise still stands — mein Angebot/Versprechen gilt nach wie vor

    5) (find oneself, be)

    as it stands, as things stand — wie die Dinge [jetzt] liegen

    the law as it standsdas bestehende od. gültige Recht

    I'd like to know where I stand(fig.) ich möchte wissen, wo ich dran bin

    stand in need of somethingeiner Sache (Gen.) dringend bedürfen

    6) (be candidate) kandidieren ( for für)

    stand as a Liberal/Conservative — für die Liberalen/Konservativen kandidieren

    stand for Parliament(Brit.) für einen Parlamentssitz kandidieren

    7)
    8) (place oneself) sich stellen

    stand in the way of something(fig.) einer Sache (Dat.) im Weg stehen

    [not] stand in somebody's way — (fig.) jemandem [keine] Steine in den Weg legen

    9) (be likely)

    stand to win or gain/lose something — etwas gewinnen/verlieren können

    2. transitive verb,
    1) (set in position) stellen

    stand something on end/upside down — etwas hochkant/auf den Kopf stellen

    2) (endure) ertragen; vertragen [Klima]

    I can't stand the heat/noise — ich halte die Hitze/den Lärm nicht aus

    I cannot stand [the sight of] him/her — ich kann ihn/sie nicht ausstehen

    he can't stand the pressure/strain/stress — er ist dem Druck/den Strapazen/dem Stress nicht gewachsen

    I can't stand it any longer!ich halte es nicht mehr aus!; see also academic.ru/75052/time">time 1. 1)

    3) (undergo) ausgesetzt sein (+ Dat.)

    stand trial [for something] — [wegen etwas] vor Gericht stehen

    4) (buy)
    3. noun
    1) (support) Ständer, der
    2) (stall; at exhibition) Stand, der
    3) (raised structure, grandstand) Tribüne, die
    4) (resistance) Widerstand, der

    take or make a stand — (fig.) klar Stellung beziehen (for/against/on für/gegen/zu)

    5) (standing place for taxi, bus, etc.) Stand, der
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    [stænd] 1. past tense, past participle - stood; verb
    1) (to be in an upright position, not sitting or lying: His leg was so painful that he could hardly stand; After the storm, few trees were left standing.) stehen
    2) ((often with up) to rise to the feet: He pushed back his chair and stood up; Some people like to stand (up) when the National Anthem is played.) (auf)stehen
    3) (to remain motionless: The train stood for an hour outside Newcastle.) stehen
    4) (to remain unchanged: This law still stands.) gelten
    5) (to be in or have a particular place: There is now a factory where our house once stood.) stehen
    6) (to be in a particular state, condition or situation: As matters stand, we can do nothing to help; How do you stand financially?) liegen
    7) (to accept or offer oneself for a particular position etc: He is standing as Parliamentary candidate for our district.) bewerben
    8) (to put in a particular position, especially upright: He picked up the fallen chair and stood it beside the table.) stellen
    9) (to undergo or endure: He will stand (his) trial for murder; I can't stand her rudeness any longer.) ertragen
    10) (to pay for (a meal etc) for (a person): Let me stand you a drink!) spendieren
    2. noun
    1) (a position or place in which to stand ready to fight etc, or an act of fighting etc: The guard took up his stand at the gate; I shall make a stand for what I believe is right.) der Platz
    2) (an object, especially a piece of furniture, for holding or supporting something: a coat-stand; The sculpture had been removed from its stand for cleaning.) der Ständer
    3) (a stall where goods are displayed for sale or advertisement.) der Stand
    4) (a large structure beside a football pitch, race course etc with rows of seats for spectators: The stand was crowded.) die Tribüne
    5) ((American) a witness box in a law court.) der Zeugenstand
    - take the stand
    - standing 3. noun
    1) (time of lasting: an agreement of long standing.) die Dauer
    2) (rank or reputation: a diplomat of high standing.) der Stand
    4. adjective
    ((of an airline passenger or ticket) costing or paying less than the usual fare, as the passenger does not book a seat for a particular flight, but waits for the first available seat.) stand-by
    5. adverb
    (travelling in this way: It costs a lot less to travel stand-by.) stand-by
    - stand-in
    - standing-room
    - make someone's hair stand on end
    - stand aside
    - stand back
    - stand by
    - stand down
    - stand fast/firm
    - stand for
    - stand in
    - stand on one's own two feet
    - stand on one's own feet
    - stand out
    - stand over
    - stand up for
    - stand up to
    * * *
    [stænd]
    I. NOUN
    1. (physical position) Stellung f
    to take up a \stand somewhere sich akk irgendwo hinstellen
    2. (position on an issue) Einstellung f (on zu + dat), Ansicht f (on zu + dat)
    what's her \stand on sexual equality? wie steht sie zur Gleichberechtigung?
    to make a \stand against sth sich akk gegen etw akk auflehnen
    to take a \stand on sth sich akk für etw akk einsetzen
    it's her civic duty to take a \stand on civil rights es ist ihre Bürgerpflicht, die Bürgerrechte zu verteidigen
    to take a \stand with sb jdm gegenübertreten
    I had to take a firm \stand with my son and forbid him to attend that party ich musste meinem Sohn gegenüber hart bleiben und ihm verbieten, diese Party zu besuchen
    3. ( form: standstill) Stillstand m
    to bring sb/sth to a \stand jdm/etw Einhalt gebieten geh
    4. usu pl (raised seating for spectators) [Zuschauer]tribüne f
    5. (support) Ständer m
    music/revolving \stand Noten-/Drehständer m
    6. CHEM Stativ nt
    7. (stall) [Verkaufs]stand m
    candy/news \stand Süßwaren-/Zeitungsstand m
    8. (for vehicles) Stand m
    taxi \stand Taxistand m
    9. AM (series of performances) Gastspiel nt
    one-night \stand One-Night-Stand m fam
    10. AM LAW
    the \stand der Zeugenstand
    to take the \stand vor Gericht aussagen
    11. MIL (resistance) Widerstand m
    to make [or take] a \stand ( fig) klar Stellung beziehen
    12. (group of plants)
    \stand of clover Büschel nt Klee
    \stand of trees Baumgruppe f
    <stood, stood>
    1. (be upright) stehen
    \stand against the wall stell dich an die Wand
    \stand in front of the house stell dich vor das Haus
    \stand in a straight line! stellen Sie sich in einer Reihe auf!
    the team will \stand or fall by the success of their new model das Team steht und fällt mit dem Erfolg seines neuen Modells
    \stand and deliver! ( dated) Hände hoch und Geld her!
    to \stand to [or at] attention MIL stillstehen
    to \stand guard [or watch] [over sb/sth] [bei jdm/etw] Wache halten
    he felt it necessary to \stand watch over the cash box er hielt es für nötig, die Kasse im Auge zu behalten
    to \stand on one's hands/head einen Hand-/Kopfstand machen
    to \stand clear [or aside] aus dem Weg gehen, beiseitetreten
    to \stand erect [or tall] aufrecht [o gerade] stehen
    to \stand motionless regungslos dastehen
    to \stand still stillstehen
    2. + n (be a stated height) messen geh
    he \stands over seven feet er misst über sieben Fuß
    3. FOOD (remain untouched) stehen
    4. (be located) liegen
    an old hut stood by the river am Fluss stand eine alte Hütte
    the train is \standing at platform 8 der Zug steht auf Gleis 8
    to \stand in sb's way jdm im Weg stehen
    to \stand in the way of sth etw dat im Weg[e] stehen [o hinderlich sein]
    to \stand open offen stehen
    5. (have a viewpoint)
    how [or where] do you \stand on the issue of foreign policy? was ist Ihre Meinung zur Außenpolitik?
    from where she \stands it seemed reasonable to ask von ihrer Warte aus schien es vernünftig zu fragen
    6. + adj (be in a specified state) stehen
    I never know where I \stand with my boss ich weiß nie, wie ich mit meinem Chef dran bin fam
    how do you think your chances \stand of being offered the job? wie, glaubst du, stehen deine Chancen, dass man dir die Stelle anbietet?
    with the situation as it \stands right now... so wie die Sache im Moment aussieht,...
    to \stand high/low in sb's opinion bei jdm sehr [o hoch] /wenig [o schlecht] angesehen sein
    to \stand alone beispiellos [o einzigartig] sein
    to \stand aloof from sb/sth ( form) sich akk von jdm/etw distanzieren
    to \stand empty [or idle] leer stehen
    to \stand fast [or firm] standhaft sein
    \stand firm on your decision steh fest zu deinem Entschluss
    to \stand pat esp AM hart [o standfest] bleiben
    to \stand second/third an zweiter/dritter Stelle stehen
    to \stand accused of sth wegen einer S. gen unter Anklage stehen
    to \stand accused of murder des Mordes angeklagt sein
    to \stand corrected ( form) sich akk geschlagen geben fam
    I \stand corrected ich muss mich korrigieren [o gebe meinen Fehler zu]
    to \stand to gain [or win] /lose sth wahrscheinlich etw gewinnen/verlieren
    7. (separate from)
    to \stand between sb/sth zwischen jdm/etw stehen
    the handouts he got from his parents were all that stood between Dan and destitution es waren allein die Zuwendungen, die Dan von seinen Eltern erhielt, was ihn vor völliger Mittellosigkeit bewahrte
    8. (remain valid) gelten, Bestand haben
    does that still \stand? ist das noch gültig?, gilt das noch?
    his work still \stands as one of the greatest advances in medical theory seine Arbeit gilt immer noch als eine der größten Leistungen in der Medizin
    Newtonian mechanics stood for over two hundred years die Newton'sche Mechanik galt zweihundert Jahre lang unangefochten
    9. BRIT, AUS (be a candidate for office) sich akk zur Wahl stellen, kandidieren
    to \stand for sth für etw akk kandidieren
    to \stand for election sich akk zur Wahl stellen
    10.
    to \stand on one's own two feet auf eigenen Füßen stehen
    to be able to do sth \standing on one's head ( fam) etw mit links machen können fam
    to not leave one stone \standing on another keinen Stein auf dem anderen lassen
    it \stands to reason [that]... es ist logisch [o leuchtet ein], dass...
    <stood, stood>
    to \stand sth somewhere etw irgendwohin hinstellen
    she stood the yardstick upright against the wall sie stellte den Messstab gegen die Wand
    to \stand sth on its head etw auf den Kopf stellen
    2. (refuse to be moved)
    to \stand one's ground wie angewurzelt stehen bleiben; (refuse to yield) standhaft bleiben
    3. (bear)
    to \stand sth etw ertragen [o fam aushalten]
    to not [be able to] \stand sth etw nicht ertragen können
    our tent won't \stand another storm unser Zelt wird keinen weiteren Sturm überstehen
    she can't \stand anyone touching her sie kann es nicht leiden, wenn man sie anfasst
    to not be able to \stand the sight of sth den Anblick von etw dat nicht ertragen können
    to \stand the test of time die Zeit überdauern
    to \stand sb sth jdm etw ausgeben [o spendieren]
    Catherine stood us all a drink Catherine lud uns alle zu einem Drink ein
    to \stand bail for sb für jdn Kaution stellen [o Sicherheit leisten
    5. ( fam)
    to \stand a chance of doing sth gute Aussichten haben, etw zu tun
    6. LAW
    to \stand trial [for sth] sich akk vor Gericht [für etw akk] verantworten müssen
    7.
    to \stand sb in good stead jdm von Nutzen [o Vorteil] sein
    * * *
    [stnd] vb: pret, ptp stood
    1. n
    1) (= position) Platz m, Standort m; (fig) Standpunkt m, Einstellung f (on zu)

    my stand is that... — ich stehe auf dem Standpunkt, dass..., ich vertrete die Einstellung, dass...

    to take a stand (on a matter) — (zu einer Angelegenheit) eine Einstellung vertreten

    2) (MIL: resistance) Widerstand m; (= battle) Gefecht nt

    to make a stand (lit, fig) — sich widersetzen, Widerstand leisten

    that was their last standdas war ihr letztes Gefecht

    3) (= taxi stand) Stand m
    4) (Brit THEAT) Gastspiel nt; (of pop group etc) Konzert nt
    5) (= furniture, lamp stand, music stand) Ständer m
    6) (= market stall etc) Stand m
    7) (= band stand) Podium nt
    8) (Brit SPORT) Tribüne f; (US JUR) Zeugenstand m

    (we sat) in the stand — (wir saßen) auf der Tribüne

    9) (esp US FOREST) (Baum)bestand m
    2. vt
    1) (= place) stellen → stead, head
    See:
    → stead, head
    2) (= withstand) pressure, close examination etc (= object) standhalten (+dat); (person) gewachsen sein (+dat); test bestehen; climate vertragen; heat, noise ertragen, aushalten; loss, cost verkraften
    3) (inf: put up with) person, noise, interruptions etc aushalten

    I can't stand being kept waiting —

    = treat) to stand sb a drink/a meal — jdm einen Drink/ein Essen spendieren

    5)
    3. vi
    1) (= be upright) stehen; (= get up) aufstehen

    don't just stand there(, do something)! — stehen Sie nicht nur( dumm) rum, tun Sie was! (inf)

    we stood talking —

    stand and deliver! (old, hum) — anhalten, her mit dem Zeug! (inf)

    See:
    2) (= measure person) groß sein; (tree etc) hoch sein
    3) (= be situated) stehen

    it has stood there for 600 yearses steht da schon seit 600 Jahren

    4) (= remain unchanged) stehen; (fig) bestehen (bleiben)
    5)
    See:
    → also stand for
    6) (= continue to be valid offer, argument, promise) gelten; (objection, contract) gültig bleiben; (decision, record, account) stehen
    7) (= be at a certain level thermometer, record) stehen (at auf +dat); (sales) liegen (at bei)
    8) (fig

    = be in a position) we stand to lose/gain a lot — wir können sehr viel verlieren/gewinnen

    9) (fig

    = be placed) how do we stand? — wie stehen wir?

    I'd like to know where I stand (with him) — ich möchte wissen, woran ich (bei ihm) bin

    as it standsso wie die Sache aussieht

    10) (fig

    = be, continue to be) to stand firm or fast — festbleiben

    to stand ready —

    to stand (as) security for sb — für jdn bürgen

    11)

    to leave sb/sth standing ( Brit inf ) — jdn/etw in den Schatten stellen

    * * *
    stand [stænd]
    A s
    1. a) Stehen n
    b) Stillstand m, Halt m
    2. a) (Stand)Platz m, Standort m
    b) fig Standpunkt m:
    take a stand Stellung beziehen (on zu);
    take a common stand einen gemeinsamen Standpunkt einnehmen
    3. fig Eintreten n:
    make a stand against sich entgegenstellen oder -stemmen (dat), Front machen gegen;
    make a stand for sich einsetzen für
    4. a) (Zuschauer)Tribüne f
    b) Podium n
    5. JUR US Zeugenstand m:
    on the stand im Zeugenstand;
    a) den Zeugenstand betreten,
    b) als Zeuge aussagen
    6. WIRTSCH (Verkaufs-, Messe) Stand m
    7. Stand(platz) m (für Taxis)
    8. (Kleider-, Noten- etc) Ständer m
    9. Gestell n, Regal n
    10. a) Stativ n
    b) Stütze f
    11. (Baum)Bestand m
    12. AGR Stand m (des Getreides etc), (zu erwartende) Ernte:
    stand of wheat stehender Weizen
    13. THEAT Gastspiel(ort) n(m): one-night stand
    14. auch stand of arms MIL (vollständige) Ausrüstung (eines Soldaten)
    B v/i prät und pperf stood [stʊd]
    1. a) allg stehen:
    as there were no seats left, we had to stand;
    …, (as) sure ( oder true) as I’m standing here, so wahr ich hier stehe!;
    don’t just stand there, help me! steh nicht herum, hilf mir!;
    stand alone allein (da)stehen ( with mit einer Ansicht etc); unerreicht dastehen oder da sein;
    stand fast ( oder firm) festbleiben, hart bleiben ( beide:
    on in dat)( B 4);
    stand or fall by stehen und fallen mit;
    stand gasping keuchend dastehen;
    stand on one’s head
    a) einen Kopfstand machen, kopfstehen,
    b) fig (vor Freude etc) kopfstehen;
    I could do this standing on my head umg das könnte ich mit links oder stehend freihändig machen;
    stand on one’s hands einen Handstand machen;
    stand to lose (to win) (mit Sicherheit) verlieren (gewinnen);
    how are things standing? wie stehen die Dinge?;
    how do we stand in comparision to …? wie stehen wir im Vergleich zu …?;
    as matters ( oder things) stand nach Lage der Dinge, so wie die Dinge stehen;
    I want to know where ( oder how) I stand ich will wissen, woran ich bin;
    you always know where ( oder how) you stand with him man weiß immer, wie man mit ihm dran ist;
    the wind stands in the west der Wind weht von Westen;
    stand well with sb mit jemandem gut stehen, sich mit jemandem gut stellen;
    leave sb (sth) standing Br umg jemanden (etwas) in den Schatten stellen; attention 4, foot A 1, leg Bes Redew
    c) aufstehen
    2. stehen, liegen, sich befinden, sein (Sache): empty A 2, idle A 5
    3. sein:
    4. a) auch stand still stillstehen:
    stand! halt!;
    stand fast! MIL Br stillgestanden!, US Abteilung halt! ( B 1);
    stand still for US C 7
    b) stand and deliver! HIST (Kutschenüberfall) halt, alles Geld her!
    5. bleiben:
    and so it stands und dabei bleibt es
    6. sich stellen, treten:
    stand clear zurücktreten (of von);
    stand clear of auch den Eingang etc frei machen;
    stand on the defensive sich verteidigen;
    stand on the offensive zum Angriff antreten; stand back 1
    7. stand six feet sechs Fuß groß sein (Person), sechs Fuß hoch sein (Mauer etc)
    8. sich behaupten, bestehen ( beide:
    against gegen):
    stand through sth etwas überstehen oder -dauern
    9. fig festbleiben
    10. (weiterhin) gelten:
    my offer stands mein Angebot gilt nach wie vor oder bleibt bestehen;
    let sth stand etwas gelten oder bestehen bleiben lassen
    11. SCHIFF (auf einem Kurs) liegen oder sein, steuern, halten
    12. JAGD vorstehen ([ up]on dat) (Hund)
    C v/t
    1. stellen (on auf akk):
    stand a plane on its nose FLUG einen Kopfstand machen;
    stand sth on its head fig etwas auf den Kopf stellen
    2. standhalten (dat), aushalten:
    he can’t stand the climate er kann das Klima nicht (v)ertragen;
    I couldn’t stand the pain ich konnte den Schmerz nicht aushalten oder ertragen;
    she couldn’t stand the pressure sie war dem Druck nicht gewachsen;
    I can’t stand him ich kann ihn nicht ausstehen oder leiden;
    I can’t stand being told ( oder people telling me) what to do ich kann es nicht ausstehen oder leiden, wenn man mir Vorschriften macht; heat A 1 a, racket2 A 4, sight A 2
    3. sich etwas gefallen lassen, dulden, ertragen:
    I won’t stand that any longer das lasse ich mir nicht länger bieten
    4. sich einer Sache unterziehen: trial A 2
    5. bestehen: test1 A 2
    6. a) Pate stehen
    b) Bürgschaft etc leisten: security 5, sponsor A 2, surety 1
    c) Wache stehen: guard C 3
    7. umg
    a) aufkommen für
    b) (jemandem) ein Essen etc spendieren:
    stand a drink einen ausgeben oder spendieren;
    stand a round eine Runde schmeißen; treat C 3
    8. eine Chance haben
    * * *
    1. intransitive verb,

    stand in a line or row — sich in einer Reihe aufstellen; (be standing) in einer Reihe stehen

    he stands six feet tall/the tree stands 30 feet high — er ist sechs Fuß groß/der Baum ist 30 Fuß hoch

    3) (be at level) [Aktien, Währung, Thermometer:] stehen (at auf + Dat.); [Fonds:] sich belaufen (at auf + Akk.); [Absatz, Export usw.:] liegen (at bei)
    4) (hold good) bestehen bleiben

    my offer/promise still stands — mein Angebot/Versprechen gilt nach wie vor

    5) (find oneself, be)

    as it stands, as things stand — wie die Dinge [jetzt] liegen

    the law as it standsdas bestehende od. gültige Recht

    I'd like to know where I stand(fig.) ich möchte wissen, wo ich dran bin

    stand in need of somethingeiner Sache (Gen.) dringend bedürfen

    6) (be candidate) kandidieren ( for für)

    stand as a Liberal/Conservative — für die Liberalen/Konservativen kandidieren

    stand for Parliament(Brit.) für einen Parlamentssitz kandidieren

    7)
    8) (place oneself) sich stellen

    stand in the way of something(fig.) einer Sache (Dat.) im Weg stehen

    [not] stand in somebody's way — (fig.) jemandem [keine] Steine in den Weg legen

    stand to win or gain/lose something — etwas gewinnen/verlieren können

    2. transitive verb,

    stand something on end/upside down — etwas hochkant/auf den Kopf stellen

    2) (endure) ertragen; vertragen [Klima]

    I can't stand the heat/noise — ich halte die Hitze/den Lärm nicht aus

    I cannot stand [the sight of] him/her — ich kann ihn/sie nicht ausstehen

    he can't stand the pressure/strain/stress — er ist dem Druck/den Strapazen/dem Stress nicht gewachsen

    I can't stand it any longer! — ich halte es nicht mehr aus!; see also time 1. 1)

    3) (undergo) ausgesetzt sein (+ Dat.)

    stand trial [for something] — [wegen etwas] vor Gericht stehen

    3. noun
    1) (support) Ständer, der
    2) (stall; at exhibition) Stand, der
    3) (raised structure, grandstand) Tribüne, die
    4) (resistance) Widerstand, der

    take or make a stand — (fig.) klar Stellung beziehen (for/against/on für/gegen/zu)

    5) (standing place for taxi, bus, etc.) Stand, der
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (microphone) n.
    Stativ -e n. n.
    Gestell -e n.
    Stand ¨-e m.
    Ständer - m. (one's) trial expr.
    sich vor Gericht verantworten ausdr. (up) for expr.
    eintreten für ausdr. (to tolerate) v.
    ertragen prät. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: stood)
    = andauern v.
    stehen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: stand, gestanden)

    English-german dictionary > stand

  • 17 leadership

    leadership ['li:dəʃɪp]
    (a) (direction) direction f;
    during or under her leadership sous sa direction;
    he was offered the party leadership on lui a offert la direction du parti;
    she is clearly cut out for leadership elle est manifestement née pour diriger;
    no one showed any leadership personne n'a montré des qualités de chef;
    he has great leadership qualities c'est un excellent meneur d'hommes;
    they looked to us for leadership ils comptaient sur nous pour leur montrer le chemin
    (b) (leaders) direction f, dirigeants mpl;
    the leadership of the movement is divided on this issue les chefs ou les dirigeants du mouvement sont divisés sur cette question
    ►► leadership battle, leadership contest bataille f pour la direction;
    leadership potential qualités fpl de chef

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > leadership

  • 18 unconditional bid

    Fin
    in a takeover battle, a situation in which a bidder will pay the offered price irrespective of how many shares are acquired

    The ultimate business dictionary > unconditional bid

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